<p>This paper deals with the two-competing-species chemotaxis–(Navier)–Stokes system with indirect signal consumption, as given by <Equation ID="Equ105"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_Equ105.gif" Format="GIF" Height="136" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="606" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{llll} \left( n_1 \right) _t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla n_1=d_1\Delta n_1-\chi _1\nabla \cdot \left( n_1\nabla c \right) +\mu _1n_1\left( 1-n_1-a_1n_2 \right) ,&amp; in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ \left( n_2 \right) _t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla n_2=d_2\Delta n_2-\chi _2\nabla \cdot \left( n_2\nabla c \right) +\mu _2n_2\left( 1-a_2n_1-n_2 \right) ,&amp; in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ c_t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla c=d_3\Delta c-\alpha _1cv,&amp; in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ v_t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla v=d_4\Delta v-\alpha _2v+\alpha _3n_1+\alpha _4n_2,&amp; in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ \textbf{u}_t+\kappa \left( \textbf{u}\cdot \nabla \right) \textbf{u}=\Delta \textbf{u}+\nabla P+\left( \beta _1n_1+\beta _2n_2 \right) \nabla \phi ,&amp; in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ \nabla \cdot \textbf{u}=0, &amp; in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mfenced> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mfenced> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>c</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mn>4</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>κ</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> </mfenced> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mfenced> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mspace width="3.33333pt" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a smooth bounded domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="58" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="62" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N=2,3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with the nonnegative initial data <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="140" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( n_{1,0}, n_{2,0}, c_0, v_0, \textbf{u}_0 \right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>c</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="bold">u</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and the parameters <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="135" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d_i, \alpha _i\left( i = 1, 2, 3, 4 \right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mi>i</mi> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mfenced> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="157" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi _j, \mu _j, a_j, \beta _j\left( j = 1, 2 \right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mfenced> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are positive. It is proved that, in the two-dimensional case with <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa =1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the system possesses a globally bounded classical solution based on the standard heat semigroup argument. Furthermore, by leveraging the maximal Sobolev regularity, we demonstrate the existence of a globally bounded classical solution in three dimensions for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa =0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, provided that there exists a positive constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="28" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="99" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\max \{\chi _1,\chi _2\}}{\min \{\mu _1,\mu _2\}}&lt;\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo movablelimits="true">max</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo movablelimits="true">min</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Additionally, through the utilization of energy functionals and comparison arguments, we reveal that the globally bounded solution converges to distinct constant steady states, contingent upon the values of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2546_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and the explicit convergence rates for these global solutions are provided.</p>

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Global dynamics in a competitive chemotaxis–(Navier)–Stokes system with indirect signal consumption

  • Shuyan Qiu,
  • Ruiying Guo,
  • Xinyu Tu

摘要

This paper deals with the two-competing-species chemotaxis–(Navier)–Stokes system with indirect signal consumption, as given by \(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{llll} \left( n_1 \right) _t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla n_1=d_1\Delta n_1-\chi _1\nabla \cdot \left( n_1\nabla c \right) +\mu _1n_1\left( 1-n_1-a_1n_2 \right) ,& in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ \left( n_2 \right) _t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla n_2=d_2\Delta n_2-\chi _2\nabla \cdot \left( n_2\nabla c \right) +\mu _2n_2\left( 1-a_2n_1-n_2 \right) ,& in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ c_t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla c=d_3\Delta c-\alpha _1cv,& in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ v_t+\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla v=d_4\Delta v-\alpha _2v+\alpha _3n_1+\alpha _4n_2,& in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ \textbf{u}_t+\kappa \left( \textbf{u}\cdot \nabla \right) \textbf{u}=\Delta \textbf{u}+\nabla P+\left( \beta _1n_1+\beta _2n_2 \right) \nabla \phi ,& in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \\ \nabla \cdot \textbf{u}=0, & in~~\Omega \times \left( 0,\infty \right) , \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\) n 1 t + u · n 1 = d 1 Δ n 1 - χ 1 · n 1 c + μ 1 n 1 1 - n 1 - a 1 n 2 , i n Ω × 0 , , n 2 t + u · n 2 = d 2 Δ n 2 - χ 2 · n 2 c + μ 2 n 2 1 - a 2 n 1 - n 2 , i n Ω × 0 , , c t + u · c = d 3 Δ c - α 1 c v , i n Ω × 0 , , v t + u · v = d 4 Δ v - α 2 v + α 3 n 1 + α 4 n 2 , i n Ω × 0 , , u t + κ u · u = Δ u + P + β 1 n 1 + β 2 n 2 ϕ , i n Ω × 0 , , · u = 0 , i n Ω × 0 , , under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a smooth bounded domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^N\) Ω R N , \(N=2,3\) N = 2 , 3 , with the nonnegative initial data \(\left( n_{1,0}, n_{2,0}, c_0, v_0, \textbf{u}_0 \right) \) n 1 , 0 , n 2 , 0 , c 0 , v 0 , u 0 , and the parameters \(d_i, \alpha _i\left( i = 1, 2, 3, 4 \right) \) d i , α i i = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and \(\chi _j, \mu _j, a_j, \beta _j\left( j = 1, 2 \right) \) χ j , μ j , a j , β j j = 1 , 2 are positive. It is proved that, in the two-dimensional case with \(\kappa =1\) κ = 1 , the system possesses a globally bounded classical solution based on the standard heat semigroup argument. Furthermore, by leveraging the maximal Sobolev regularity, we demonstrate the existence of a globally bounded classical solution in three dimensions for \(\kappa =0\) κ = 0 , provided that there exists a positive constant \(\gamma \) γ such that \(\frac{\max \{\chi _1,\chi _2\}}{\min \{\mu _1,\mu _2\}}<\gamma \) max { χ 1 , χ 2 } min { μ 1 , μ 2 } < γ . Additionally, through the utilization of energy functionals and comparison arguments, we reveal that the globally bounded solution converges to distinct constant steady states, contingent upon the values of \(a_1\) a 1 and \(a_2\) a 2 , and the explicit convergence rates for these global solutions are provided.