<p>In this paper, a fully parabolic predator–prey chemotaxis model with indirect signal production <Equation ID="Equ48"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_Equ48.gif" Format="GIF" Height="95" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="452" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}u_t=d_1\Delta u+\chi _1\nabla \cdot (u\nabla z)+\mu _{1}u(1-u-e_{1}v),&amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0,\\ v_t=d_2\Delta v-\chi _2\nabla \cdot (v\nabla z)+\mu _{2}v(1+e_{2}u-v),&amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0,\\ w_t=\Delta w-w+u+v,&amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0,\\ z_t=\Delta z-z+w,&amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0 \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>under the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a bounded smooth domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="107" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^n(n\ge 1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with smooth boundary <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\partial \Omega \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is examined, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="119" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d_1,d_2,\chi _1,\chi _2 &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="118" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu _{1},\mu _{2},e_{1},e_{2}\ge 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. When <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n \le 3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, by the method of some priori estimates and semigroup technique, we demonstrate that the model has a globally bounded classical solution for all appropriate regular initial data. Additionally, the convergence of the solution is asserted by constructing Lyapunov functions. (i) If <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_{1}&lt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{1}}{\chi _1^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _2^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are sufficiently large, then the solution <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( u,v,w,z\right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="84" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(u, v \ge (\not \equiv ) 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>≢</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exponentially converges to a unique positive equilibrium point; (ii) If <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( e_{1}&gt;1 \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _2^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is sufficiently large, then the solution <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( u,v,w,z\right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(v \ge (\not \equiv ) 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>≢</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exponentially converges to the semi-trivial equilibrium point; (iii) If <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(e_{1}=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="26" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _2^{2}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mfrac> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is sufficiently large, then the solution <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2538_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="76" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\left( u,v,w,z\right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> </mfenced> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> algebraically converges to the semi-trivial equilibrium point.</p>

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Global boundedness and asymptotic behavior of a predator–prey chemotaxis model with indirect signal production

  • Liangying Miao,
  • Wenyi Teng

摘要

In this paper, a fully parabolic predator–prey chemotaxis model with indirect signal production \(\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll}u_t=d_1\Delta u+\chi _1\nabla \cdot (u\nabla z)+\mu _{1}u(1-u-e_{1}v),& x\in \Omega ,t>0,\\ v_t=d_2\Delta v-\chi _2\nabla \cdot (v\nabla z)+\mu _{2}v(1+e_{2}u-v),& x\in \Omega ,t>0,\\ w_t=\Delta w-w+u+v,& x\in \Omega ,t>0,\\ z_t=\Delta z-z+w,& x\in \Omega ,t>0 \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}\) u t = d 1 Δ u + χ 1 · ( u z ) + μ 1 u ( 1 - u - e 1 v ) , x Ω , t > 0 , v t = d 2 Δ v - χ 2 · ( v z ) + μ 2 v ( 1 + e 2 u - v ) , x Ω , t > 0 , w t = Δ w - w + u + v , x Ω , t > 0 , z t = Δ z - z + w , x Ω , t > 0 under the homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a bounded smooth domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^n(n\ge 1)\) Ω R n ( n 1 ) with smooth boundary \(\partial \Omega \) Ω is examined, where \(d_1,d_2,\chi _1,\chi _2 > 0\) d 1 , d 2 , χ 1 , χ 2 > 0 , \(\mu _{1},\mu _{2},e_{1},e_{2}\ge 0\) μ 1 , μ 2 , e 1 , e 2 0 . When \(n \le 3\) n 3 , by the method of some priori estimates and semigroup technique, we demonstrate that the model has a globally bounded classical solution for all appropriate regular initial data. Additionally, the convergence of the solution is asserted by constructing Lyapunov functions. (i) If \(e_{1}<1\) e 1 < 1 , \(\frac{\mu _{1}}{\chi _1^{2}}\) μ 1 χ 1 2 and \(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _2^{2}}\) μ 2 χ 2 2 are sufficiently large, then the solution \(\left( u,v,w,z\right) \) u , v , w , z with \(u, v \ge (\not \equiv ) 0\) u , v ( ) 0 exponentially converges to a unique positive equilibrium point; (ii) If \( e_{1}>1 \) e 1 > 1 , \(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _2^{2}}\) μ 2 χ 2 2 is sufficiently large, then the solution \(\left( u,v,w,z\right) \) u , v , w , z satisfying \(v \ge (\not \equiv ) 0\) v ( ) 0 exponentially converges to the semi-trivial equilibrium point; (iii) If \(e_{1}=1\) e 1 = 1 , \(\frac{\mu _{2}}{\chi _2^{2}}\) μ 2 χ 2 2 is sufficiently large, then the solution \(\left( u,v,w,z\right) \) u , v , w , z algebraically converges to the semi-trivial equilibrium point.