<p>In this paper, we consider an indirect pursuit-evasion system with nonlinear signal-dependent diffusion and sensitivity: <Equation ID="Equ143"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_Equ143.gif" Format="GIF" Height="95" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="551" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{aligned}&amp;u_{t}=\nabla \cdot (D_{1}(z)\nabla u)-\chi \nabla \cdot (S_{1}(z)u\nabla z)+u(\lambda _{1}-\mu _{1}u+av), &amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0,\\&amp;v_{t}=\nabla \cdot (D_{2}(w)\nabla v)+\xi \nabla \cdot (S_{2}(w)v\nabla w)+v(\lambda _{2}-\mu _{2} v-bu), &amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0,\\&amp;0=\Delta w+\alpha u-\beta w, &amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0,\\&amp;0=\Delta z+\gamma v-\delta z, &amp; x\in \Omega ,t&gt;0 \end{aligned}\right. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd /> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mi>χ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow /> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mi>v</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow /> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow /> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>z</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>in a bounded smooth domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Here, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>χ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\xi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ξ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda _{1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda _{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu _{1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu _{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>δ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are positive constants. Although the global existence results of related fully parabolic models have been proposed (see Wan-Zheng-Shan (Wan in J Evol Equ 23:78, 2023) and Wan-Zheng (Wan in Nonlinear Anal Real World Appl 82:104234, 2024)), there is no result for a parabolic-elliptic system. We first demonstrate that this system possesses a unique global and bounded classical solution if <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="31" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lim \limits _{z\rightarrow \infty }\frac{(S_{1}(z))^{2}}{D_{1}(z)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="false">lim</mo> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="33_2025_2443_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="31" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="83" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lim \limits _{w\rightarrow \infty }\frac{(S_{2}(w))^{2}}{D_{2}(w)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <munder> <mo movablelimits="false">lim</mo> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </munder> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exist. Notably, this result is particularly superior to the results in Wan (J Evol Equ 23:78, 2023), Xiang (Nonlinear Anal Real World Appl 71:103797, 2023), Zeng (J Nonlinear Math Phys 31:12, 2024). Furthermore, the large-time behavior of solutions to this system is also investigated.</p>

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Boundedness and asymptotic behavior in a parabolic-elliptic pursuit-evasion system with signal-dependent diffusion and sensitivity

  • Kaiqiang Li,
  • Jiashan Zheng,
  • Haotian Tang

摘要

In this paper, we consider an indirect pursuit-evasion system with nonlinear signal-dependent diffusion and sensitivity: \(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{aligned}&u_{t}=\nabla \cdot (D_{1}(z)\nabla u)-\chi \nabla \cdot (S_{1}(z)u\nabla z)+u(\lambda _{1}-\mu _{1}u+av), & x\in \Omega ,t>0,\\&v_{t}=\nabla \cdot (D_{2}(w)\nabla v)+\xi \nabla \cdot (S_{2}(w)v\nabla w)+v(\lambda _{2}-\mu _{2} v-bu), & x\in \Omega ,t>0,\\&0=\Delta w+\alpha u-\beta w, & x\in \Omega ,t>0,\\&0=\Delta z+\gamma v-\delta z, & x\in \Omega ,t>0 \end{aligned}\right. \end{aligned}\) u t = · ( D 1 ( z ) u ) - χ · ( S 1 ( z ) u z ) + u ( λ 1 - μ 1 u + a v ) , x Ω , t > 0 , v t = · ( D 2 ( w ) v ) + ξ · ( S 2 ( w ) v w ) + v ( λ 2 - μ 2 v - b u ) , x Ω , t > 0 , 0 = Δ w + α u - β w , x Ω , t > 0 , 0 = Δ z + γ v - δ z , x Ω , t > 0 in a bounded smooth domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{2}\) Ω R 2 with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. Here, \(\chi \) χ , \(\xi \) ξ , \(\lambda _{1}\) λ 1 , \(\lambda _{2}\) λ 2 , \(\mu _{1}\) μ 1 , \(\mu _{2}\) μ 2 , a, b, \(\alpha \) α , \(\beta \) β , \(\gamma \) γ , \(\delta \) δ are positive constants. Although the global existence results of related fully parabolic models have been proposed (see Wan-Zheng-Shan (Wan in J Evol Equ 23:78, 2023) and Wan-Zheng (Wan in Nonlinear Anal Real World Appl 82:104234, 2024)), there is no result for a parabolic-elliptic system. We first demonstrate that this system possesses a unique global and bounded classical solution if \(\lim \limits _{z\rightarrow \infty }\frac{(S_{1}(z))^{2}}{D_{1}(z)}\) lim z ( S 1 ( z ) ) 2 D 1 ( z ) and \(\lim \limits _{w\rightarrow \infty }\frac{(S_{2}(w))^{2}}{D_{2}(w)}\) lim w ( S 2 ( w ) ) 2 D 2 ( w ) exist. Notably, this result is particularly superior to the results in Wan (J Evol Equ 23:78, 2023), Xiang (Nonlinear Anal Real World Appl 71:103797, 2023), Zeng (J Nonlinear Math Phys 31:12, 2024). Furthermore, the large-time behavior of solutions to this system is also investigated.