<p>This article aims to investigate the existence of bounded positive solutions of problem <Equation ID="Equ113"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( (P)\qquad \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} - \textrm{div} (a(x,u,\nabla u)) + A_t(x,u,\nabla u) = g(x,u) &amp; \hbox {in }\Omega ,\\ u\ = \ 0 &amp; \hbox {on }\partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mtext>div</mtext> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mtext>in</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mi>u</mi> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mo>=</mo> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mtext>on</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_t(x,t,\xi ) = \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}(x,t,\xi )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a(x,t,\xi ) = \nabla _\xi A(x,t,\xi )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ξ</mi> </msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for a given <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A(x,t,\xi )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which grows as <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\xi |^p + |t|^p\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> , <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p &gt; 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R}^N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N \ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, is an open connected domain with Lipschitz boundary and infinite Lebesgue measure, eventually <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega = \mathbb {R}^N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, which generalizes the modified Schrödinger equation <Equation ID="Equ114"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} - \text {div} ((A^*_1(x) + A^*_2(x)|u|^{s}) \nabla u)&amp;+ \frac{s}{2} A^*_2(x)\ |u|^{s - 2} u\ |\nabla u|^2 + u\\&amp;=\ |u|^{\mu -2}u \quad \text{ in } \mathbb {R}^3 \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mtext>div</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>A</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mo>∗</mo> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>A</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∗</mo> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>s</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mfrac> <mi>s</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>A</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mo>∗</mo> </msubsup> <msup> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>s</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> <mspace width="4pt" /> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow /> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>u</mi> <mspace width="1em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>in</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>Under suitable assumptions on <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A(x,t,\xi )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <i>g</i>(<i>x</i>,&#xa0;<i>t</i>), problem (<i>P</i>) has a variational structure. Then, even in lack of radial symmetry hypotheses, one bounded positive solution of (<i>P</i>) can be found by passing to the limit on a sequence <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((u_k)_k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of bounded solutions on bounded domains. Furthermore, if stronger hypotheses are satisfied, either such a solution is nontrivial or a constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\bar{\lambda } &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a sequence of points <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((y_k)_k \subset \mathbb {R}^N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> exist such that <Equation ID="Equ115"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( |y_k| \rightarrow +\infty \qquad \hbox {and}\qquad \int _{B_1(y_k)} |u_k|^p dx \ge \bar{\lambda }\quad \hbox {for all }k \ge 1, \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>∞</mi> <mspace width="2em" /> <mtext>and</mtext> <mspace width="2em" /> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>p</mi> </msup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> <mspace width="1em" /> <mtext>for all</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>with <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(B_1(y_k) = \{x \in \mathbb {R}^N: |x-y_k| &lt; 1\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>-</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>y</mi> <mi>k</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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A dichotomy result for a modified Schrödinger equation on unbounded domains

  • A. M. Candela,
  • G. Palmieri,
  • A. Salvatore

摘要

This article aims to investigate the existence of bounded positive solutions of problem \( (P)\qquad \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} - \textrm{div} (a(x,u,\nabla u)) + A_t(x,u,\nabla u) = g(x,u) & \hbox {in }\Omega ,\\ u\ = \ 0 & \hbox {on }\partial \Omega , \end{array} \right. \) ( P ) - div ( a ( x , u , u ) ) + A t ( x , u , u ) = g ( x , u ) in Ω , u = 0 on Ω , with \(A_t(x,t,\xi ) = \frac{\partial A}{\partial t}(x,t,\xi )\) A t ( x , t , ξ ) = A t ( x , t , ξ ) , \(a(x,t,\xi ) = \nabla _\xi A(x,t,\xi )\) a ( x , t , ξ ) = ξ A ( x , t , ξ ) for a given \(A(x,t,\xi )\) A ( x , t , ξ ) which grows as \(|\xi |^p + |t|^p\) | ξ | p + | t | p , \(p > 1\) p > 1 , where \(\Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R}^N\) Ω R N , \(N \ge 2\) N 2 , is an open connected domain with Lipschitz boundary and infinite Lebesgue measure, eventually \(\Omega = \mathbb {R}^N\) Ω = R N , which generalizes the modified Schrödinger equation \(\begin{aligned} - \text {div} ((A^*_1(x) + A^*_2(x)|u|^{s}) \nabla u)&+ \frac{s}{2} A^*_2(x)\ |u|^{s - 2} u\ |\nabla u|^2 + u\\&=\ |u|^{\mu -2}u \quad \text{ in } \mathbb {R}^3 \end{aligned}\) - div ( ( A 1 ( x ) + A 2 ( x ) | u | s ) u ) + s 2 A 2 ( x ) | u | s - 2 u | u | 2 + u = | u | μ - 2 u in R 3 Under suitable assumptions on \(A(x,t,\xi )\) A ( x , t , ξ ) and g(xt), problem (P) has a variational structure. Then, even in lack of radial symmetry hypotheses, one bounded positive solution of (P) can be found by passing to the limit on a sequence \((u_k)_k\) ( u k ) k of bounded solutions on bounded domains. Furthermore, if stronger hypotheses are satisfied, either such a solution is nontrivial or a constant \(\bar{\lambda } > 0\) λ ¯ > 0 and a sequence of points \((y_k)_k \subset \mathbb {R}^N\) ( y k ) k R N exist such that \( |y_k| \rightarrow +\infty \qquad \hbox {and}\qquad \int _{B_1(y_k)} |u_k|^p dx \ge \bar{\lambda }\quad \hbox {for all }k \ge 1, \) | y k | + and B 1 ( y k ) | u k | p d x λ ¯ for all k 1 , with \(B_1(y_k) = \{x \in \mathbb {R}^N: |x-y_k| < 1\}\) B 1 ( y k ) = { x R N : | x - y k | < 1 } .