<p>We consider the boundary value problem <Equation ID="Equ16"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_Equ16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="43" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="269" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} u'' + \lambda h(x,\alpha ) e^u = 0, \quad x \in (-1,1), \\ u(-1) = u(1) = 0, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow> <mo>′</mo> <mo>′</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mi>u</mi> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda &gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt;\alpha &lt;1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(h(x,\alpha )=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|x|&lt;\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="81" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(h(x,\alpha )=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="30_2025_1115_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \le |x| \le 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We compute the Morse index of positive even solutions, and then we prove the existence of an unbounded connected set of positive non-even solutions emanating from a symmetry-breaking bifurcation point.</p>

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Morse index and symmetry-breaking bifurcation of positive solutions to the one-dimensional Liouville type equation with a step function weight

  • Kanako Manabe,
  • Satoshi Tanaka

摘要

We consider the boundary value problem \(\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} u'' + \lambda h(x,\alpha ) e^u = 0, \quad x \in (-1,1), \\ u(-1) = u(1) = 0, \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}\) u + λ h ( x , α ) e u = 0 , x ( - 1 , 1 ) , u ( - 1 ) = u ( 1 ) = 0 , where \(\lambda >0\) λ > 0 , \(0<\alpha <1\) 0 < α < 1 , \(h(x,\alpha )=0\) h ( x , α ) = 0 for \(|x|<\alpha \) | x | < α , and \(h(x,\alpha )=1\) h ( x , α ) = 1 for \(\alpha \le |x| \le 1\) α | x | 1 . We compute the Morse index of positive even solutions, and then we prove the existence of an unbounded connected set of positive non-even solutions emanating from a symmetry-breaking bifurcation point.