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<p>This study compares the management effectiveness of four marine protected areas (MPAs) in Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines, over a 5-year period (2019–2024) using the Marine Protected Area Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MEAT). MPAs were evaluated across governance, enforcement, financing, monitoring, and community participation, with expected progress defined by the attainment of documented enforcement actions, active monitoring systems, diversified financing, community engagement, and integration into local development plans. Results show incremental improvements in overall MEAT scores across all sites, but no MPA reached Level 3 (“sustained”) effectiveness. Kabisanan MPA displayed the most progress, rising from Level 0 to Level 2, while Mabini Protected Landscape and Seascape increased its score but remained at Level 2 due to persistent enforcement gaps. Tagaliling and Pangubaan MPAs improved modestly but stayed at Level 1, reflecting limited advances in surveillance, prosecution, financing, and biophysical monitoring. Socioeconomic data from adjacent small-scale fishing communities revealed changes in gear use, increased motorization, and shifting target species, suggesting adaptive responses to spatial restrictions and changing resource conditions. However, reliance on municipal funding, the absence of prosecution of violators, and discontinuity in monitoring systems limited overall effectiveness. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic further exposed vulnerabilities in MPAs that depended on tourism revenue. Despite strong legal foundations and community support, institutional weaknesses, resource limitations, and inconsistent enforcement prevented most sites from advancing to sustained management. The findings highlight the need for long-term financing strategies, documented enforcement, regular monitoring, and integration into local government development plans to move MPAs from basic form of management.</p>

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Comparison of management effectiveness in four marine protected areas (MPAs) after 5 years of monitoring in Southeastern Philippines

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Maria Galveia,
  • Edison D. Macusi

摘要

This study compares the management effectiveness of four marine protected areas (MPAs) in Southeastern Mindanao, Philippines, over a 5-year period (2019–2024) using the Marine Protected Area Effectiveness Assessment Tool (MEAT). MPAs were evaluated across governance, enforcement, financing, monitoring, and community participation, with expected progress defined by the attainment of documented enforcement actions, active monitoring systems, diversified financing, community engagement, and integration into local development plans. Results show incremental improvements in overall MEAT scores across all sites, but no MPA reached Level 3 (“sustained”) effectiveness. Kabisanan MPA displayed the most progress, rising from Level 0 to Level 2, while Mabini Protected Landscape and Seascape increased its score but remained at Level 2 due to persistent enforcement gaps. Tagaliling and Pangubaan MPAs improved modestly but stayed at Level 1, reflecting limited advances in surveillance, prosecution, financing, and biophysical monitoring. Socioeconomic data from adjacent small-scale fishing communities revealed changes in gear use, increased motorization, and shifting target species, suggesting adaptive responses to spatial restrictions and changing resource conditions. However, reliance on municipal funding, the absence of prosecution of violators, and discontinuity in monitoring systems limited overall effectiveness. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic further exposed vulnerabilities in MPAs that depended on tourism revenue. Despite strong legal foundations and community support, institutional weaknesses, resource limitations, and inconsistent enforcement prevented most sites from advancing to sustained management. The findings highlight the need for long-term financing strategies, documented enforcement, regular monitoring, and integration into local government development plans to move MPAs from basic form of management.