<p>Multiple anthropogenic pressures often interact to significantly impact riverine biodiversity. However, the understanding of these pressures and their effects at the basin scale across different elevation gradients remains limited. Here, we assessed the impact of land use, river barriers, and their overall effect on the taxonomic and functional diversity of macroinvertebrates at three basins at different elevations. The results reveal that multiple pressures dominated the additive effect on the basin scale for macroinvertebrate diversity, and the nonadditive interaction of pressures shifted from antagonistic to synergistic effects from high to low&#xa0;elevation. These pressures shaped macroinvertebrate taxonomic and functional diversity patterns, with midelevation sites exhibiting higher taxonomic and functional diversity (i.e., Shannon–Wiener and functional richness) compared with both low and high elevations. However, the functional evenness showed no significant difference across basins. Specifically, functional redundancy was significantly higher in the high- and low-elevation basins compared with the mid-elevation basin. For functional traits, a significant shift of multiple voltinism, larger body sizes, asexual reproduction or ovoviviparity, nonstreamlined body shapes, and a reduction in external egg-laying (e.g., clutches and terrestrial) were observed along with the elevation gradient and anthropogenic pressures. The results reflected the directional selection process of macroinvertebrate trait composition under the combined influence of different anthropogenic pressures associated with elevation. These findings emphasize the significance of conducting thorough assessments of anthropogenic disturbance characteristics at the basin scale. Such assessments can enhance our understanding of the spatial dynamics of multiple pressures on biological communities, thereby facilitating the development of effective ecological management strategies in the future.</p>