<p>We introduce an extension of the renowned Wigner’s theorem. For real smooth normed spaces <i>X</i> and <i>Y</i>, with <i>X</i> being strictly convex, we demonstrate that any surjective mapping <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="25_2025_2445_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="82" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f:X\rightarrow Y\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>Y</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> fulfills the condition <Equation ID="Equ5"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="25_2025_2445_Article_Equ5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="537" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \max \{\Vert f(x)+f(y)\Vert ,\Vert f(x)-f(y)\Vert \}=\max \{\Vert x+y\Vert ,\Vert x-y\Vert \} \quad (x, y\in X) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mo movablelimits="true">max</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo movablelimits="true">max</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">‖</mo> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>if and only if <i>f</i> is phase-equivalent to a linear isometry. This means that there exists a phase function <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="25_2025_2445_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="123" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon :X\rightarrow \{-1,1\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that the composition <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="25_2025_2445_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="33" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varepsilon \cdot f\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ε</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a linear isometry mapping from <i>X</i> onto <i>Y</i>.</p>

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Max-phase-Isometries in Smooth Normed Spaces

  • Jian Liu,
  • Jiabin Liu,
  • Dongni Tan

摘要

We introduce an extension of the renowned Wigner’s theorem. For real smooth normed spaces X and Y, with X being strictly convex, we demonstrate that any surjective mapping \(f:X\rightarrow Y\) f : X Y fulfills the condition \( \max \{\Vert f(x)+f(y)\Vert ,\Vert f(x)-f(y)\Vert \}=\max \{\Vert x+y\Vert ,\Vert x-y\Vert \} \quad (x, y\in X) \) max { f ( x ) + f ( y ) , f ( x ) - f ( y ) } = max { x + y , x - y } ( x , y X ) if and only if f is phase-equivalent to a linear isometry. This means that there exists a phase function \(\varepsilon :X\rightarrow \{-1,1\}\) ε : X { - 1 , 1 } such that the composition \(\varepsilon \cdot f\) ε · f is a linear isometry mapping from X onto Y.