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<p>This study investigates the mechanism of damage evolution in sandstone under variable-frequency cyclic loading, employing a combination of experimental and numerical simulations. It examines the mechanical response and damage evolution behavior of sandstone subjected to increasing (0.08&#xa0;Hz → 0.14&#xa0;Hz, 2.0&#xa0;Hz → 8.0&#xa0;Hz) and decreasing (0.14&#xa0;Hz → 0.08&#xa0;Hz, 8.0&#xa0;Hz → 2.0&#xa0;Hz) cyclic loading frequencies. The experiments were performed at different levels of initial stress, with a systematic analysis of strain evolution, elastic modulus degradation, and energy evolution characteristics. The findings suggest that the initial stress level significantly impacts the accumulation of irreversible strain, modulus attenuation, and energy input. The frequency path also markedly influences dissipated energy, with low frequencies facilitating energy dissipation and high frequencies inhibiting its progression. Additionally, a PFC2D particle flow model was used to simulate the high-frequency loading process, revealing the mechanism by which the frequency path influences the evolution of micro-scale energies, such as cementation strain energy and frictional dissipation energy. This study contributes a theoretical and numerical foundation for the assessment of rock damage under variable-frequency cyclic loading.</p>

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Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Response of Sandstone under Variable Frequency Cyclic Loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Dongxu Zhang,
  • Yifan Zhang,
  • Haoran Zhang,
  • Songmei Li,
  • Nan Qin

摘要

This study investigates the mechanism of damage evolution in sandstone under variable-frequency cyclic loading, employing a combination of experimental and numerical simulations. It examines the mechanical response and damage evolution behavior of sandstone subjected to increasing (0.08 Hz → 0.14 Hz, 2.0 Hz → 8.0 Hz) and decreasing (0.14 Hz → 0.08 Hz, 8.0 Hz → 2.0 Hz) cyclic loading frequencies. The experiments were performed at different levels of initial stress, with a systematic analysis of strain evolution, elastic modulus degradation, and energy evolution characteristics. The findings suggest that the initial stress level significantly impacts the accumulation of irreversible strain, modulus attenuation, and energy input. The frequency path also markedly influences dissipated energy, with low frequencies facilitating energy dissipation and high frequencies inhibiting its progression. Additionally, a PFC2D particle flow model was used to simulate the high-frequency loading process, revealing the mechanism by which the frequency path influences the evolution of micro-scale energies, such as cementation strain energy and frictional dissipation energy. This study contributes a theoretical and numerical foundation for the assessment of rock damage under variable-frequency cyclic loading.