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<p>India is increasingly experiencing harsh and frequent heatwaves, making it one of the most vulnerable regions to extreme temperature events. The current study focuses on identifying heatwave instances observed during the years 1951 to 2022 using the Excessive Heat Factor index. For this purpose, two distinct regions, viz., the north central states and Maharashtra (NCM), and the south-eastern and eastern Indian states (SE) are considered. The results indicate that the SE region has seen a significant shift in the climatological daily maximum temperature in recent years, unlike the NCM region. However, the NCM region is found to be experiencing more heatwaves in recent years, especially in the western parts. The months of May and June are more prone to heatwaves, yet, April is found to experience increasing heatwaves in recent three decades. The relevant land-atmospheric parameters that impact intensification of heatwaves reflected an increase in near-surface air temperature during heatwaves, leading to a deficit of soil moisture and pushing the regional temperature to rise further. The dryness is more prevalent in the NCM region compared to SE. In the NCM region, the wind direction is westerly, which subsequently drives the hot, dry wind towards the SE region, enhancing the discomfort, besides the contribution of prevailing humid conditions. Also, future projections indicate higher heatwaves by 2100, characterized by longer and persistent occurrences, with some events lasting over 10 consecutive days. Given the growing risk, it requires an integrated approach combining forecasting, policy interventions, public awareness, and engagement to build resilience in the wake of a warming climate scenario, to address this challenge.</p>

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Characterizing Heatwave Variability over Two Distinct Regions of India and Associated Land-Atmospheric Parameters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月24日

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  • Gagan Bihari Bidika,
  • Jagabandhu Panda,
  • Asmita Mukherjee,
  • Madhuri Angel Baxla,
  • Sudhansu S. Rath

摘要

India is increasingly experiencing harsh and frequent heatwaves, making it one of the most vulnerable regions to extreme temperature events. The current study focuses on identifying heatwave instances observed during the years 1951 to 2022 using the Excessive Heat Factor index. For this purpose, two distinct regions, viz., the north central states and Maharashtra (NCM), and the south-eastern and eastern Indian states (SE) are considered. The results indicate that the SE region has seen a significant shift in the climatological daily maximum temperature in recent years, unlike the NCM region. However, the NCM region is found to be experiencing more heatwaves in recent years, especially in the western parts. The months of May and June are more prone to heatwaves, yet, April is found to experience increasing heatwaves in recent three decades. The relevant land-atmospheric parameters that impact intensification of heatwaves reflected an increase in near-surface air temperature during heatwaves, leading to a deficit of soil moisture and pushing the regional temperature to rise further. The dryness is more prevalent in the NCM region compared to SE. In the NCM region, the wind direction is westerly, which subsequently drives the hot, dry wind towards the SE region, enhancing the discomfort, besides the contribution of prevailing humid conditions. Also, future projections indicate higher heatwaves by 2100, characterized by longer and persistent occurrences, with some events lasting over 10 consecutive days. Given the growing risk, it requires an integrated approach combining forecasting, policy interventions, public awareness, and engagement to build resilience in the wake of a warming climate scenario, to address this challenge.