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<p>The paper reviews the sources and range of hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of the Caspian Sea based on the data obtained in 2006–2021. The sea is subject to multiple anthropogenic impacts from land-based and offshore activities. Natural sources are biological production and oil seeps from the seabed. The range of the aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) was 1–313&#xa0;µg/L in SPM and 0.1–178,4&#xa0;µg/g (dry weight) in sediments. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 11 to 47&#xa0;ng/L in SPM and from &lt; 1 to 699&#xa0;ng/g (dry weight) in sediments. Higher concentrations of AHCs and PAHs in SPM were mainly observed in a narrow coastal belt and in the river deltas. Therefore, the mixing zone and aquatic vegetation prevent anthropogenic hydrocarbons to flow into the open sea. AHC concentration in bottom sediments generally correlated to their grain size distribution, and their higher values were typical for deep-water fine silts in the Middle and Southern Caspian. The spatial distribution of hydrocarbons in sediments in the northwestern part of the sea was patchy with some local maximums, correlations among the pairs of AHCs, C<sub>org</sub> and PAHs were weak. PAHs came into the sea from multiple sources, and the most persistent PAHs prevailed. Naphthalenes prevailed in the areas with seeps and other sources of fresh petroleum products such as along shipping routes.</p>

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Hydrocarbons in the Suspended Particulate Matter and Bottom Sediments of the Caspian Sea: A Review of Studies in 2006–2021

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月22日

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  • E. V. Ostrovskaya,
  • I. A. Nemirovskaya

摘要

The paper reviews the sources and range of hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments of the Caspian Sea based on the data obtained in 2006–2021. The sea is subject to multiple anthropogenic impacts from land-based and offshore activities. Natural sources are biological production and oil seeps from the seabed. The range of the aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) was 1–313 µg/L in SPM and 0.1–178,4 µg/g (dry weight) in sediments. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) varied from 11 to 47 ng/L in SPM and from < 1 to 699 ng/g (dry weight) in sediments. Higher concentrations of AHCs and PAHs in SPM were mainly observed in a narrow coastal belt and in the river deltas. Therefore, the mixing zone and aquatic vegetation prevent anthropogenic hydrocarbons to flow into the open sea. AHC concentration in bottom sediments generally correlated to their grain size distribution, and their higher values were typical for deep-water fine silts in the Middle and Southern Caspian. The spatial distribution of hydrocarbons in sediments in the northwestern part of the sea was patchy with some local maximums, correlations among the pairs of AHCs, Corg and PAHs were weak. PAHs came into the sea from multiple sources, and the most persistent PAHs prevailed. Naphthalenes prevailed in the areas with seeps and other sources of fresh petroleum products such as along shipping routes.