<p>Klarner and Rivest showed that the growth of the number of polyominoes, also known as Klarner’s constant, is at most <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13_2024_2099_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="111" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2+2\sqrt{2}&lt;4.83\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>4.83</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> by viewing polyominoes as a sequence of twigs with appropriate weights given to each twig and studying the corresponding multivariate generating function. In this short note, we give a simpler proof by a recurrence on an upper bound. In particular, we show that the number of polyominoes with <i>n</i> cells is at most <i>G</i>(<i>n</i>) with <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13_2024_2099_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="120" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G(0)=G(1)=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and for <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13_2024_2099_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <Equation ID="Equ2"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13_2024_2099_Article_Equ2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="51" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="244" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} G(n) = 2\sum _{m=1}^{n-1} G(m)G(n-1-m). \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </munderover> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>It should be noted that <i>G</i>(<i>n</i>) has multiple combinatorial interpretations in the literature.</p>

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Bounding Klarner’s constant from above using a simple recurrence

  • Vuong Bui

摘要

Klarner and Rivest showed that the growth of the number of polyominoes, also known as Klarner’s constant, is at most \(2+2\sqrt{2}<4.83\) 2 + 2 2 < 4.83 by viewing polyominoes as a sequence of twigs with appropriate weights given to each twig and studying the corresponding multivariate generating function. In this short note, we give a simpler proof by a recurrence on an upper bound. In particular, we show that the number of polyominoes with n cells is at most G(n) with \(G(0)=G(1)=1\) G ( 0 ) = G ( 1 ) = 1 and for \(n\ge 2\) n 2 , \(\begin{aligned} G(n) = 2\sum _{m=1}^{n-1} G(m)G(n-1-m). \end{aligned}\) G ( n ) = 2 m = 1 n - 1 G ( m ) G ( n - 1 - m ) . It should be noted that G(n) has multiple combinatorial interpretations in the literature.