<p>In [<CitationRef CitationID="CR4">4</CitationRef>], it was observed that each tw-variable weighted quasiarithmetic mean is weakly associative, i.e. it satisfies the equality <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\left( M\left( x,y\right) ,x\right) =M\left( x,M\left( y,x\right) \right) \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>M</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> </mfenced> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for all <i>x</i>,&#xa0;<i>y</i>. In the present paper a broader class of non-symmetric weakly associative means is presented. A conjecture that a two-variable formal power series <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\left( x,y\right) =\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\sum _{j=0}^{k}a_{k-j,j}x^{k-j}y^{j}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>∞</mi> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>j</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>j</mi> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>y</mi> <mi>j</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a_{1,0}\ne a_{0,1},\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≠</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is weakly associative if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\left( x,y\right) =a_{1,0}x+\left( 1-a_{1,0}\right) y\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mn>1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mi>a</mi> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfenced> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is formulated. This conjecture allows to characterize the class of weighted quasiarithmetic means, as well as a new, broader class of means. Looking for translative weakly associative functions we arrive to an open questions concerning the composite functional equation <Equation ID="Equ9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} g\left( g\left( -t\right) +t\right) =g\left( -g\left( t\right) \right) +g\left( t\right) ,\, \ \ \ \ t\in \mathbb {R}. \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mo>-</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mi>t</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mo>-</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>t</mi> </mfenced> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>t</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mspace width="4pt" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation></p>

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Weakly associative functions and means - new examples and open questions

  • Janusz Matkowski

摘要

In [4], it was observed that each tw-variable weighted quasiarithmetic mean is weakly associative, i.e. it satisfies the equality \(M\left( M\left( x,y\right) ,x\right) =M\left( x,M\left( y,x\right) \right) \) M M x , y , x = M x , M y , x for all xy. In the present paper a broader class of non-symmetric weakly associative means is presented. A conjecture that a two-variable formal power series \(M\left( x,y\right) =\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\sum _{j=0}^{k}a_{k-j,j}x^{k-j}y^{j}\) M x , y = k = 1 j = 0 k a k - j , j x k - j y j with \(a_{1,0}\ne a_{0,1},\) a 1 , 0 a 0 , 1 , is weakly associative if and only if \(M\left( x,y\right) =a_{1,0}x+\left( 1-a_{1,0}\right) y\) M x , y = a 1 , 0 x + 1 - a 1 , 0 y is formulated. This conjecture allows to characterize the class of weighted quasiarithmetic means, as well as a new, broader class of means. Looking for translative weakly associative functions we arrive to an open questions concerning the composite functional equation \(\begin{aligned} g\left( g\left( -t\right) +t\right) =g\left( -g\left( t\right) \right) +g\left( t\right) ,\, \ \ \ \ t\in \mathbb {R}. \end{aligned}\) g g - t + t = g - g t + g t , t R .