<p>Under certain simple conditions for real functions <i>f</i>,&#xa0;<i>g</i>,&#xa0;<i>h</i>, defined on a real interval, the bivariable functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_{g}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_{h}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> given, respectively, by <Equation ID="Equ12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} A_{f}\left( x,y\right)= &amp; f\left( x\right) +y-f\left( y\right) , \qquad G_{g}\left( x,y\right) =\frac{g\left( x\right) }{g\left( y\right) }y,\\ H_{h}\left( x,y\right)= &amp; \frac{xy}{x-h\left( x\right) +h\left( y\right) }, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>g</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> </mrow> </mfrac> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msub> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="italic">xy</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>x</mi> </mfenced> <mo>+</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <mi>y</mi> </mfenced> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>are natural generalizations of the classical weighted arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means. The article concerns the following invariance equations involving these means <Equation ID="Equ13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} A_{f} \circ \left( A_{g},A_{h}\right) =A_{f}, \quad G_{f} \circ \left( G_{g},G_{h}\right) =G_{f}, \quad H_{f} \circ \left( H_{g},H_{h}\right) =H_{f}, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mo>∘</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msub> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mo>∘</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msub> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mo>∘</mo> <mfenced close=")" open="("> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>h</mi> </msub> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <i>f</i>, <i>g</i> and <i>h</i> are unknown functions. The first two of these equations are investigated under the assumption that <i>f</i> is twice differentiable, and <i>g</i>, <i>h</i> are differentiable. If <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is translative and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(H_{f}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mi>f</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are homogeneous, we determine the solutions without any regularity conditions.</p>

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Invariance problems of generalized weighted classical means

  • Dorota Głazowska,
  • Janusz Matkowski

摘要

Under certain simple conditions for real functions fgh, defined on a real interval, the bivariable functions \(A_{f}\) A f , \(G_{g}\) G g and \(H_{h}\) H h given, respectively, by \(\begin{aligned} A_{f}\left( x,y\right)= & f\left( x\right) +y-f\left( y\right) , \qquad G_{g}\left( x,y\right) =\frac{g\left( x\right) }{g\left( y\right) }y,\\ H_{h}\left( x,y\right)= & \frac{xy}{x-h\left( x\right) +h\left( y\right) }, \end{aligned}\) A f x , y = f x + y - f y , G g x , y = g x g y y , H h x , y = xy x - h x + h y , are natural generalizations of the classical weighted arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means. The article concerns the following invariance equations involving these means \(\begin{aligned} A_{f} \circ \left( A_{g},A_{h}\right) =A_{f}, \quad G_{f} \circ \left( G_{g},G_{h}\right) =G_{f}, \quad H_{f} \circ \left( H_{g},H_{h}\right) =H_{f}, \end{aligned}\) A f A g , A h = A f , G f G g , G h = G f , H f H g , H h = H f , where f, g and h are unknown functions. The first two of these equations are investigated under the assumption that f is twice differentiable, and g, h are differentiable. If \(A_{f}\) A f is translative and \(G_{f}\) G f and \(H_{f}\) H f are homogeneous, we determine the solutions without any regularity conditions.