<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(k\ge 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> be an integer, and let <i>G</i> be a finite and simple graph with vertex set <i>V</i>(<i>G</i>). A signed double Roman <i>k</i>-dominating function (SDRkDF) on a graph <i>G</i> is defined in [Signed double Roman <i>k</i>-domination in graphs, Australas. J. Combin. 72 (2018), 82–105] as a function <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="181" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f :V(G) \rightarrow \{-1,1,2,3\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying the conditions that <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="128" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\sum _{x\in N[v]}f(x)\ge k\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for each vertex <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(v\in V(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <i>N</i>[<i>v</i>] is the closed neighborhood of <i>v</i>, every vertex <i>u</i> for which <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="78" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(u)=-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is adjacent to at least one vertex <i>v</i> for which <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(v)=3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or adjacent to two vertices <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="118" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(x)=f(y)=2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and every vertex <i>u</i> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(u)=1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is adjacent to vertex <i>v</i> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f(v)\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The weight of an SDRkDF <i>f</i> is <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="23" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="152" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{w}(f) = \sum _{v\in V(G)}f(v)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>w</mtext> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>f</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The signed double Roman <i>k</i>-domination number <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}^k(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow> <mtext>sdR</mtext> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of <i>G</i> is the minimum weight among all SDRkDF on <i>G</i>. In this paper we continue the study of the signed double Roman <i>k</i>-domination number of graphs, and we present new bounds on <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}^k(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow> <mtext>sdR</mtext> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In addition, we determine the signed double Roman <i>k</i>-domination number of some classes of graphs. Some of our results are extensions of well-known properties of the signed double Roman domination number, <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10_2025_1192_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="134" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}(G)=\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}^1(G)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mtext>sdR</mtext> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow> <mtext>sdR</mtext> </mrow> <mn>1</mn> </msubsup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, introduced and investigated in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR1">1</CitationRef>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR2">2</CitationRef>].</p>

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More results on the signed double Roman k-domination in graphs

  • Michael A. Henning,
  • Lutz Volkmann

摘要

Let \(k\ge 1\) k 1 be an integer, and let G be a finite and simple graph with vertex set V(G). A signed double Roman k-dominating function (SDRkDF) on a graph G is defined in [Signed double Roman k-domination in graphs, Australas. J. Combin. 72 (2018), 82–105] as a function \(f :V(G) \rightarrow \{-1,1,2,3\}\) f : V ( G ) { - 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 } satisfying the conditions that \(\sum _{x\in N[v]}f(x)\ge k\) x N [ v ] f ( x ) k for each vertex \(v\in V(G)\) v V ( G ) , where N[v] is the closed neighborhood of v, every vertex u for which \(f(u)=-1\) f ( u ) = - 1 is adjacent to at least one vertex v for which \(f(v)=3\) f ( v ) = 3 or adjacent to two vertices x and y with \(f(x)=f(y)=2\) f ( x ) = f ( y ) = 2 , and every vertex u with \(f(u)=1\) f ( u ) = 1 is adjacent to vertex v with \(f(v)\ge 2\) f ( v ) 2 . The weight of an SDRkDF f is \(\textrm{w}(f) = \sum _{v\in V(G)}f(v)\) w ( f ) = v V ( G ) f ( v ) . The signed double Roman k-domination number \(\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}^k(G)\) γ sdR k ( G ) of G is the minimum weight among all SDRkDF on G. In this paper we continue the study of the signed double Roman k-domination number of graphs, and we present new bounds on \(\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}^k(G)\) γ sdR k ( G ) . In addition, we determine the signed double Roman k-domination number of some classes of graphs. Some of our results are extensions of well-known properties of the signed double Roman domination number, \(\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}(G)=\gamma _{\textrm{sdR}}^1(G)\) γ sdR ( G ) = γ sdR 1 ( G ) , introduced and investigated in [1, 2].