<p>In this paper we consider the equality problem of generalized Bajraktarević means, i.e., we are going to solve the functional equation which holds for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x=(x_1,\dots ,x_n)\in I^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi>I</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\ge 2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <i>I</i> is a nonempty open real interval, the unknown functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f,g:I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are strictly monotone, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f^{(-1)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(g^{(-1)}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote their generalized left inverses, respectively, and the vector-valued weight functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p=(p_1,\dots ,p_n):I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{+}^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q=(q_1,\dots ,q_n):I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{+}^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>:</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> <mrow> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are also unknown. This equality problem in the symmetric two-variable case (i.e., when <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n=2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p_1=p_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q_1=q_2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) was solved under sixth-order regularity assumptions by Losonczi in 1999. The authors of this paper improved this result in 2023 by reaching the same conclusion assuming only first-order differentiability. In the nonsymmetric case, assuming the third-order differentiability of <i>f</i>, <i>g</i> and the first-order differentiability of at least three of the functions <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(p_1,\dots ,p_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Grünwald and Páles proved that (*) holds if and only if there exist four constants <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a,b,c,d\in \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(ad\ne bc\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <Equation ID="Equ26"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} cf+d&gt;0,\qquad g=\frac{af+b}{cf+d},\qquad \text{ and }\qquad q_\ell =(cf+d)p_\ell \qquad (\ell \in \{1,\dots ,n\}). \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mi>g</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mtext>and</mtext> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <mspace width="2em" /> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mi>ℓ</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>f</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>ℓ</mi> </msub> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>The main goal of this paper is to establish the same conclusion under first-order differentiability.</p>

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On the equality of generalized Bajraktarević means under first-order differentiability assumptions

  • Zsolt Páles,
  • Amr Zakaria

摘要

In this paper we consider the equality problem of generalized Bajraktarević means, i.e., we are going to solve the functional equation which holds for all \(x=(x_1,\dots ,x_n)\in I^n\) x = ( x 1 , , x n ) I n , where \(n\ge 2\) n 2 , I is a nonempty open real interval, the unknown functions \(f,g:I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}\) f , g : I R are strictly monotone, \(f^{(-1)}\) f ( - 1 ) and \(g^{(-1)}\) g ( - 1 ) denote their generalized left inverses, respectively, and the vector-valued weight functions \(p=(p_1,\dots ,p_n):I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{+}^n\) p = ( p 1 , , p n ) : I R + n and \(q=(q_1,\dots ,q_n):I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{+}^n\) q = ( q 1 , , q n ) : I R + n are also unknown. This equality problem in the symmetric two-variable case (i.e., when \(n=2\) n = 2 and \(p_1=p_2\) p 1 = p 2 , \(q_1=q_2\) q 1 = q 2 ) was solved under sixth-order regularity assumptions by Losonczi in 1999. The authors of this paper improved this result in 2023 by reaching the same conclusion assuming only first-order differentiability. In the nonsymmetric case, assuming the third-order differentiability of f, g and the first-order differentiability of at least three of the functions \(p_1,\dots ,p_n\) p 1 , , p n , Grünwald and Páles proved that (*) holds if and only if there exist four constants \(a,b,c,d\in \mathbb {R}\) a , b , c , d R with \(ad\ne bc\) a d b c such that \(\begin{aligned} cf+d>0,\qquad g=\frac{af+b}{cf+d},\qquad \text{ and }\qquad q_\ell =(cf+d)p_\ell \qquad (\ell \in \{1,\dots ,n\}). \end{aligned}\) c f + d > 0 , g = a f + b c f + d , and q = ( c f + d ) p ( { 1 , , n } ) . The main goal of this paper is to establish the same conclusion under first-order differentiability.