Hagia Sophia in Constantinople: Unveiling Its Integrated Conceptual Design Through Comparative Analysis

The architectural complexity of Hagia Sophia, a grand monument erected by Justinian in Constantinople, has been a topic of substantial investigation across diverse disciplines such as architecture, art history, and archaeology. Research efforts focused on elucidating the geometric relationships intrinsic to the monument's design, providing invaluable insights into the philosophical and symbolic influences that shaped its construction. However, despite significant strides, a comprehensive understanding of Hagia Sophia’s complex geometric design remains elusive due to the inherent challenges in integrating diverse geometric patterns into a unified model. The current study aims to bridge this gap through a comparative analysis of the mathematical and geometric principles used in the design of Hagia Sophia with the inscribed in stone complex geometrical design found in the Octagon at the Galerious Complex in Thessaloniki and has recently been recognised as the conceptual design for the Kastas monument at Amphipolis. By exploring parallels and creating comparisons, the article deepens the understanding of the design intent and geometric foundations that underpin the enduring architectural legacy of Hagia Sophia.