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<p>We uncover a new gravitational-wave production mechanism in cosmological, first-order, thermal phase transitions. These are usually assumed to proceed via the nucleation of bubbles of the stable phase inside the metastable phase. However, if the nucleation rate is sufficiently suppressed, then the Universe may supercool all the way down the metastable branch and enter the spinodal region. In this case the transition proceeds via the exponential growth of unstable modes and the subsequent formation, merging and relaxation of phase domains. We use holography to follow the real-time evolution of this process in a strongly coupled, four-dimensional gauge theory and compute the resulting gravitational-wave spectrum. We discuss the possibility that the spinodal dynamics may be preceded by a period of thermal inflation.</p>

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Spinodal Gravitational Waves

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月17日

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  • Yago Bea,
  • Jorge Casalderrey-Solana,
  • Thanasis Giannakopoulos,
  • Aron Jansen,
  • Sven Krippendorf,
  • David Mateos,
  • Mikel Sanchez-Garitaonandia,
  • Miguel Zilhão

摘要

We uncover a new gravitational-wave production mechanism in cosmological, first-order, thermal phase transitions. These are usually assumed to proceed via the nucleation of bubbles of the stable phase inside the metastable phase. However, if the nucleation rate is sufficiently suppressed, then the Universe may supercool all the way down the metastable branch and enter the spinodal region. In this case the transition proceeds via the exponential growth of unstable modes and the subsequent formation, merging and relaxation of phase domains. We use holography to follow the real-time evolution of this process in a strongly coupled, four-dimensional gauge theory and compute the resulting gravitational-wave spectrum. We discuss the possibility that the spinodal dynamics may be preceded by a period of thermal inflation.