Energy growth in V_LV_L → V_LV_L, V_LV_Lh scattering to probe Higgs cubic and HEFT interactions

We compute the energy scales of perturbative unitarity violation in V_LV_L → V_LV_Lh processes and compare them to V_LV_L → hhh process, where V_L refers to a longitudinal mode of Z or W boson, and h the Higgs boson. Using these energy scales, we determine which process is more sensitive to potential modifications in the Higgs sector at high-energy colliders. Within the Higgs Effective Field Theory (HEFT), we consider the Higgs cubic coupling and other interactions with and without derivatives. Any HEFT interactions predict the perturbative unitarity violation at a finite scale, and in a generic case, the minimalistic process is 2 → 3 scattering. Our analysis reveals that the energy scales for unitarity violation in V_LV_L → V_LV_Lh and V_LV_L → hhh processes are similar across all scenarios considered. If the backgrounds are similar, V_LV_Lh final states are more feasible because V_LV_Lh has higher branching ratios in cleaner decay modes than hhh. We also investigate HEFT derivative interactions derived from various UV models. In these cases, both V_LV_L → V_LV_L and V_LV_L → hh processes exhibit unitarity violating behavior. We demonstrate that the energy scales for unitarity violation in V_LV_L final states are comparable to or even lower than those in the hh final state.