<p>We study the half-sided translations associated to Rindler wedge algebras for conformal field theories in 1+1 Minkowski spacetime, generated by an unbounded operator <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{G} \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, in terms of bilinear forms <i>G</i>, <i>G</i>′ made from entanglement Hamiltonians of the underlying algebras such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="16" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{G} \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> = <i>G</i> + <i>G</i>′. We show that despite entanglement Hamiltonians being ill-defined operators on Hilbert space, <i>G</i>, <i>G</i>′ can be regularized using smooth bump functions to operators <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mover accent="true"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="true">̂</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \hat{G} \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <msup> <mover accent="true"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="true">̂</mo> </mover> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( {\hat{G}}^{\prime } \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with well-defined commutators, and use them to do a centered Zassenhaus expansion of exp (<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mi>i</mi> <mi mathvariant="script">G</mi> <mi>s</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( i\mathcal{G}s \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) in terms of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mover accent="true"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="true">̂</mo> </mover> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \hat{G} \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <msup> <mover accent="true"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="true">̂</mo> </mover> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( {\hat{G}}^{\prime } \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> which is tractable and respects causality. We show that in fact half-sided translations is a special case in a large class of operators <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mi mathvariant="script">O</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{O} \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for which a similar decomposition can be done by defining <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="13130_2025_26904_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <mi mathvariant="script">O</mi> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \mathcal{O} \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> = <i>O</i><sub><i>L</i></sub> + <i>O</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> with <i>O</i><sub><i>L</i></sub>, <i>O</i><sub><i>R</i></sub> chosen approriately.</p>

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Zassenhaus decomposition of half-sided translations and generalizations in 2d conformal field theory

  • Manish Ramchander

摘要

We study the half-sided translations associated to Rindler wedge algebras for conformal field theories in 1+1 Minkowski spacetime, generated by an unbounded operator G \( \mathcal{G} \) , in terms of bilinear forms G, G′ made from entanglement Hamiltonians of the underlying algebras such that G \( \mathcal{G} \) = G + G′. We show that despite entanglement Hamiltonians being ill-defined operators on Hilbert space, G, G′ can be regularized using smooth bump functions to operators G ̂ \( \hat{G} \) , G ̂ \( {\hat{G}}^{\prime } \) with well-defined commutators, and use them to do a centered Zassenhaus expansion of exp ( i G s \( i\mathcal{G}s \) ) in terms of G ̂ \( \hat{G} \) and G ̂ \( {\hat{G}}^{\prime } \) which is tractable and respects causality. We show that in fact half-sided translations is a special case in a large class of operators O \( \mathcal{O} \) for which a similar decomposition can be done by defining O \( \mathcal{O} \) = OL + OR with OL, OR chosen approriately.