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<p>Hadronic tensors encode the nonperturbative structure of hadrons probed in deep inelastic scattering (DIS), yet their direct evaluation requires real-time evolution that presents a challenge for traditional Euclidean lattice approaches. In this work, we present the first quantum simulation of real-time hadronic current-current correlators in a confining gauge theory, from which DIS-inspired structure functions are extracted as a proof-of-principle demonstration in the Schwinger model, i.e (1+1)-dimensional QED. Using two complementary quantum-simulation strategies — quantum-circuit and tensor-network methods — we compute the real-time current-current correlator directly on the lattice and validate our results against exact diagonalization where applicable. From this correlator, we compute the hadronic tensor and determine the longitudinal structure function, the sole nonvanishing DIS observable in two space-time dimensions. Our study demonstrates that quantum simulation offers a viable complementary pathway towards the evaluation of real-time observables relevant for hadronic structure. It also provides a foundation for extending the calculations from Schwinger model to other gauge theories.</p>

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Quantum simulation of real-time current correlators and DIS-inspired observables in the Schwinger model

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Kazuki Ikeda,
  • Zhong-Bo Kang,
  • Dmitri E. Kharzeev,
  • Wenyang Qian

摘要

Hadronic tensors encode the nonperturbative structure of hadrons probed in deep inelastic scattering (DIS), yet their direct evaluation requires real-time evolution that presents a challenge for traditional Euclidean lattice approaches. In this work, we present the first quantum simulation of real-time hadronic current-current correlators in a confining gauge theory, from which DIS-inspired structure functions are extracted as a proof-of-principle demonstration in the Schwinger model, i.e (1+1)-dimensional QED. Using two complementary quantum-simulation strategies — quantum-circuit and tensor-network methods — we compute the real-time current-current correlator directly on the lattice and validate our results against exact diagonalization where applicable. From this correlator, we compute the hadronic tensor and determine the longitudinal structure function, the sole nonvanishing DIS observable in two space-time dimensions. Our study demonstrates that quantum simulation offers a viable complementary pathway towards the evaluation of real-time observables relevant for hadronic structure. It also provides a foundation for extending the calculations from Schwinger model to other gauge theories.