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<p>We provide a detailed analysis of the gravitational wave spectrum of <i>SU</i>(<i>N</i>) pure Yang-Mills theory. The confinement phase transition is described with an effective Polyakov loop model, using the latest lattice data as an input. In particular, recent lattice studies clarified the large-<i>N</i> scaling of the surface tension, which we incorporate through a modification of the kinetic term. We demonstrate that the thin-wall approximation agrees with the Polyakov loop model at small <i>N</i> while it breaks down at large <i>N</i>. Furthermore, we include reliable estimates of the bubble wall velocity using a recently developed framework based on a large enthalpy jump at the phase transition. Altogether, this allows us to derive the gravitational wave signals for all <i>SU</i>(<i>N</i>) confinement phase transitions and clarifies the behaviour at large <i>N</i> . The strongest signal arises for <i>N</i> = 20, but overall the predicted signals remain rather weak. Our work paves the way for future studies of other gauge groups and systems with fermions.</p>

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Gravitational waves from confinement in SU(N) Yang-Mills theory

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Stephan Huber,
  • Rory Phipps,
  • Manuel Reichert

摘要

We provide a detailed analysis of the gravitational wave spectrum of SU(N) pure Yang-Mills theory. The confinement phase transition is described with an effective Polyakov loop model, using the latest lattice data as an input. In particular, recent lattice studies clarified the large-N scaling of the surface tension, which we incorporate through a modification of the kinetic term. We demonstrate that the thin-wall approximation agrees with the Polyakov loop model at small N while it breaks down at large N. Furthermore, we include reliable estimates of the bubble wall velocity using a recently developed framework based on a large enthalpy jump at the phase transition. Altogether, this allows us to derive the gravitational wave signals for all SU(N) confinement phase transitions and clarifies the behaviour at large N . The strongest signal arises for N = 20, but overall the predicted signals remain rather weak. Our work paves the way for future studies of other gauge groups and systems with fermions.