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<p>We present the first systematic investigation of the Lorentz covariance of the charge form factor for a strongly coupled scalar theory in (3+1)-dimensions. Our results are based on the first non-perturbative solution of the scalar Yukawa theory with a Fock sector expansion including up to three-particles (one mock nucleon plus two mock pions or two mock nucleons plus one mock anti-nucleon). The light-front Hamiltonian is constructed and renormalized using a Fock sector dependent scheme. The derived eigenvalue equation is then solved non-perturbatively to obtain the wave functions, which are then used to compute the current matrix element.</p><p>We perform a covariant analysis of the current matrix element taking into account possible violation of the Poincaré symmetry due to the Fock sector truncation. The physical form factor depends on two boost invariants <i>ζ</i>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="inline"> <msubsup> <mtext>∆</mtext> <mo>⊥</mo> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( {\Delta }_{\perp}^2 \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, instead of the single Lorentz invariant <i>Q</i><sup>2</sup>. Instead of adopting the conventional Drell-Yan frame <i>ζ</i> = 0, we evaluate the form factor in general frames, and use the frame dependence to quantitatively gauge the loss of the Lorentz covariance. Our numerical results show that as more Fock sectors are included, the frame dependence is reduced drammatically. In particular, the anti-nucleon degree of freedom plays an important role in the reduction of the frame dependence, even though it only takes a small portion within the state vector. We also find that there is no zero-mode contribution to the current for the scalar Yukawa theory.</p>

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Covariant analysis of electromagnetic current on the light cone: exposition with scalar Yukawa theory

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月17日

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  • Wenyu Zhang,
  • Yang Li,
  • James P. Vary

摘要

We present the first systematic investigation of the Lorentz covariance of the charge form factor for a strongly coupled scalar theory in (3+1)-dimensions. Our results are based on the first non-perturbative solution of the scalar Yukawa theory with a Fock sector expansion including up to three-particles (one mock nucleon plus two mock pions or two mock nucleons plus one mock anti-nucleon). The light-front Hamiltonian is constructed and renormalized using a Fock sector dependent scheme. The derived eigenvalue equation is then solved non-perturbatively to obtain the wave functions, which are then used to compute the current matrix element.

We perform a covariant analysis of the current matrix element taking into account possible violation of the Poincaré symmetry due to the Fock sector truncation. The physical form factor depends on two boost invariants ζ, ∆ ⊥ 2 \( {\Delta }_{\perp}^2 \) , instead of the single Lorentz invariant Q2. Instead of adopting the conventional Drell-Yan frame ζ = 0, we evaluate the form factor in general frames, and use the frame dependence to quantitatively gauge the loss of the Lorentz covariance. Our numerical results show that as more Fock sectors are included, the frame dependence is reduced drammatically. In particular, the anti-nucleon degree of freedom plays an important role in the reduction of the frame dependence, even though it only takes a small portion within the state vector. We also find that there is no zero-mode contribution to the current for the scalar Yukawa theory.